Vollständige Liste der Quellen dieser Gesamtstudie (263 Einträge) in der Reihenfolge der Kennungen. Format: [sNN] Autoren (Jahr): Titel. Zeitschrift. PMID / DOI. Bei Titeln in anderen Sprachen als Englisch oder Deutsch steht die deutsche Übersetzung in Klammern, soweit sie in der Quellendatei vorliegt. Bei Arbeiten ohne PMID und DOI steht, soweit vorhanden, der Link. Einträge ohne PMID und DOI (zum Beispiel die EAU-Leitlinie [s12]) tragen den Vermerk „ohne PMID/DOI“.
[s01] Achermann APP, Pereira TA, Esteves SC (2026): Male Infertility in the 2025 WHO Infertility Guideline: A Comparative Analysis With AUA/ASRM, EAU, ESHRE, and NICE Recommendations. Andrology. PMID: 42615963; DOI: 10.1111/andr.70369
[s02] Al-Zubi M, Ghassab Deameh M, Awawdeh AK, Mohammad RJ, Shannaq AA, Qdisat SM et al. (2026): Clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin treatment before microdissection testicular sperm extraction in non-obstructive azoospermia: a retrospective non-randomized series. Frontiers in reproductive health. PMID: 42088652; DOI: 10.3389/frph.2026.1696244
[s03] Anfosso M, Schubert M, Cremers JF, Kliesch S, Zitzmann M, Bier S (2026): Can Hormonal Therapy Improve the Outcomes of mTESE in Patients With Non-Obstructive Azoospermia? Andrology. PMID: 42357925; DOI: 10.1111/andr.70292
[s04] Anno Y, Tsujimura A, Kasai R, Ota Y, Kanda T, Wakita H et al. (2026): Efficacy and Safety of Clomiphene Citrate for Late-Onset Hypogonadism as Evaluated by Aging Male Symptom Rating Scale Over One Year. International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association 33:e70289. PMID: 41250569; DOI: 10.1111/iju.70289
[s05] Bahceci T, Çeker G, Ceyhan E, Albaz AC, Duran MB, Özer C et al. (2026): Real-World Prescribing Patterns of Clomiphene Citrate for Male Infertility: A National Cross-Sectional Survey of Urologists in Türkiye. Journal of clinical medicine. PMID: 42452476; DOI: 10.3390/jcm15135014
[s06] Bandura A, Ďurina P, Čambál E, Kečkéš Š (2026): Aromatase inhibitors as endocrine modulators: From breast cancer therapy to male off-label use and doping practice. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology. PMID: 42735742; DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2026.107121
[s07] Barak S, Waldenberg N, Peretz A, Bartoov R, Bar G, Dekalo S (2026): Endocrine stimulation in men with non-obstructive azoospermia and low serum testosterone prior to micro-TESE: hormonal response as a predictor of sperm retrieval. The Canadian journal of urology. PMID: 41800509; DOI: 10.32604/cju.2025.066936
[s08] Chandra V, Esteves SC, Sanagoudar S (2026): Gonadotropin therapy in idiopathic hypogonadal non-obstructive azoospermia (APHRODITE Groups 3-4): a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in reproductive health. PMID: 42495163; DOI: 10.3389/frph.2026.1867412
[s09] Clift AK, Johnson H, Huang DR, Ramasamy R (2026): Pituitary Axis Impacts and Effectiveness of Clomiphene and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Treating Hypogonadism: Cohort Study. The world journal of men's health. PMID: 42402873; DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.250422
[s10] Constantinou BT, Benedicto BC, Galligani L, Schiavon BN, Mendes CMO, Petri MMG et al. (2026): Clomiphene citrate versus testosterone replacement therapy in male hypogonadism: a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. European journal of clinical pharmacology. PMID: 42435198; DOI: 10.1007/s00228-026-04134-3
[s11] Dai C, Ding J, Zhang J, Zhu J, Fang Y, Wang C. (2026): Evaluation of male reproductive function after aromatase inhibitor treatment during adolescence: case series with literature review. Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM 39:457-463. PMID: 41979040; DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2026-0063
[s12] EAU Guidelines Panel on Sexual and Reproductive Health (2026): EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health (Abschnitt 11.5.3 Hormonal therapy). European Association of Urology (Leitlinie, Webfassung). ohne PMID/DOI, Link: https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health
[s13] Esteves SC, Humaidan P (2026): From tablets to targeted therapy: the APHRODITE era in male infertility. Human reproduction (Oxford, England). PMID: 41863283; DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deag041
[s14] Esteves SC (2026): Hormonal Therapy Before Sperm Retrieval in Men With Non-Obstructive Azoospermia: From Controversy to Precision Using the APHRODITE Criteria. Reproductive medicine and biology. PMID: 42494822; DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.70080
[s15] Esteves SC, Viana MC, Achermann APP, Santi D (2026): Human chorionic gonadotropin-based clinical treatments for infertile men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Andrology. PMID: 39901824; DOI: 10.1111/andr.70003
[s16] Esteves SC (2026): The WHO 2025 Guideline for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility: A Comprehensive Review with Focus on Male Reproductive Health. International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology. PMID: 41770990; DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2026.0121
[s17] Gialouris JV, Conway AJ, Idan A, Savkovic S, Hermosilla R, Muir CA et al. (2026): Efficacy of Gonadotropin Therapy to Induce Spermatogenesis and Fertility in Men with Pathologic Gonadotropin Deficiency. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. PMID: 41165146; DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaf588
[s18] Graziani A, Grande G, Scafa R, Selice R, Garolla A, Rocca MS et al. (2026): Pharmacogenetics of follicle-stimulating hormone action in the male. Andrology. PMID: 40304702; DOI: 10.1111/andr.70053
[s19] Hamoda T, Shah R, Mostafa T, Pinggera GM, Atmoko W, Rambhatla A et al. (2026): Global Andrology Forum (GAF) Clinical Guidelines on the Management of Non-obstructive Azoospermia: Bridging the Gap between Controversy and Consensus. The world journal of men's health. PMID: 40583014; DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.250037
[s20] Hohl A, Lopes L, Ronsoni MF, Miranda EP, Fighera TM, Facio FN et al. (2026): Care of Patients with Male Hypogonadism: A Joint Position Statement from the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM), the Brazilian Society of Urology (SBU), and the Brazilian Association for Sexual Medicine and Health (ABEMSS). International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology. PMID: 41678706; DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2025.0610
[s21] Huijben M, Prinsen A, de Kort L, van Breda J (2026): Boosting Male Fertility: The Impact of Gonadotropin Therapy on Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Andrology. PMID: 41987691; DOI: 10.1111/andr.70226
[s22] Huijben M, Prinsen AMA, de Keyser CE, van der Leij SM, Peeters EFHI, Stades AME et al. (2026): Therapeutic benefits of gonadotropins in male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a focus on spermatogenesis and fertility. Reproduction & fertility. PMID: 42189927; DOI: 10.1530/raf-25-0100
[s23] Kaltsas A (2026): Micro-TESE in Non-Obstructive Azoospermia: Phenotype-Guided Hormonal Optimization and Testosterone Response-Prognostic Biomarker or Therapeutic Target? Journal of clinical medicine. PMID: 42589909; DOI: 10.3390/jcm15155805
[s24] Konnyu K, Imamura M, Hudson J, Swingler J, Manson P, Bhattacharya S et al. (2026): The effectiveness of hormonal treatment to improve reproductive outcomes in normogonadotropic men with abnormal semen parameters: results of 2 linked systematic reviews. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. PMID: 42030403; DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgag185
[s25] Konsam BD, Bhadada SK, Dutta P, Gorsi U, Baruah MM, Prasad TN et al. (2026): Comparing the response of triple therapy and conventional treatment in male congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in endocrinology. PMID: 41993983; DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1777584
[s26] Lin CW, Huang EY, Huang WJ, Huang IS. (2026): Incidence and risk factors of low testosterone in infertile men with normal sperm concentration. Frontiers in endocrinology 17:1797678. PMID: 42147113; DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1797678
[s27] Melhem SJ, Melhem M, Haddad R, Alghurabi O, Mousa R, Massad E et al. (2026): Pharmacologic and Nutritional Therapies in Idiopathic Male Infertility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Andrology. PMID: 42206761; DOI: 10.1111/andr.70266
[s28] Pozzi E, Luca S, Birolini G, Raffo M, Negri F, Corsini C et al. (2026): Outcomes and Predictors in Hypogonadal Oligospermic Men Treated with Clomiphene Citrate. The world journal of men's health. PMID: 42533482; DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.250371
[s29] Roque C, Ko Y, Fidel MG, Shah J, Marzban SM, Dhillon H et al. (2026): Effectiveness of clomiphene citrate on total motile sperm count and hormonal profile in men with clinical infertility. Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada. PMID: 41848536; DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.9493
[s30] Sun Y, Yao C, Liu G, Li Z, Yang X, Chen Q et al. (2026): Letrozole and Infertility Among Males With Spermatogenic Failure: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA network open. PMID: 42313386; DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.18422
[s31] Tadisina S, Cristiano E, Wiegmann T, Grasing K, Drees B, Sharma R et al. (2026): Testosterone Versus Clomiphene Treatment of Hypogonadism: A Retrospective Analysis in US Veterans. Andrology. PMID: 42015850; DOI: 10.1111/andr.70229
[s32] Wang H, Chang H, Zhao Y, Wu S, Luo D, Sun D. (2026): Treatment Options for Improving The Semen Quality in Obese Men: A Scoping Review. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare 19:582182. PMID: 41883587; DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s582182
[s33] World Health Organisation Guideline Development Group for Infertility, Mburu G, Santesso N, Brignardello-Petersen R, Kennedy R, Farquhar C et al. (2026): Recommendations from the WHO guideline for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infertility†. Human reproduction (Oxford, England). PMID: 41312724; DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaf212
[s34] Zachariou A, Zikopoulos A, Markou E, Koukos S, Daligaros G, Skouros S et al. (2026): Fertility Outcomes in Men with Nonobstructive Azoospermia Due to Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism After Gonadotropin Therapy. Journal of clinical medicine. PMID: 41682884; DOI: 10.3390/jcm15031204
[s35] Abdelnaby EA, Alhaider AK, Emam IA (2025): Effect of repeated injection of human chorionic gonadotropin on semen quality, testicular hemodynamics and hormonal profile of senile camel. Veterinary research communications. PMID: 40911138; DOI: 10.1007/s11259-025-10852-3
[s36] Ahmad A, Roy B, Babelay G, Dheeraj K (2025): Prospective Assessment of Gonadotropin Therapy and Its Outcome in Nonobstructive Azoospermic Patients. Cureus. PMID: 40519431; DOI: 10.7759/cureus.84071
[s37] Berköz M, Yalın S, Türkmen Ö (2025): Protective roles of some natural and synthetic aromatase inhibitors in testicular insufficiency caused by Bisphenol A exposure. International journal of environmental health research. PMID: 38825800; DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2362810
[s38] Cho MC, Lee H, Kim SW. (2025): Induction of Spermatogenesis and Its Predictors in Men with Prepubertal-Onset Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Undergoing Gonadotropin Therapy. The world journal of men's health 43:992-1001. PMID: 40878119; DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.250117
[s39] Epanchintseva E A, Selyatitskaya V G (2025): [Typical patient models for conservative therapy of male infertility. Pathogenetic approaches and expected effects]. (deutsch: Typische Patientenmodelle für die konservative Therapie der männlichen Infertilität. Pathogenetische Ansätze und erwartete Wirkungen). Urologiia (Moscow, Russia : 1999). PMID: 40377588
[s40] Essam M, ElSayed MAI, Youssef FS et al. (2025): Effect of administration of nanoparticles of human chorionic gonadotropin on testicular hemodynamics, testicular volume, testicular echotexture, and circulating testosterone and nitric oxide in pubescent goat bucks under heat stress conditions. Veterinary research communications. PMID: 39812902; DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10634-3
[s41] Guedes J, Pla I, Sanchez A, Marko-Varga G, Domont GB, Sahlin KB et al. (2025): Short-term effects of follicle-stimulating hormone on immune function, lipid, and vitamin metabolism in transiently castrated men. Endocrine connections. PMID: 39745472; DOI: 10.1530/ec-24-0587
[s42] Hashimi MA, Pinggera GM, Shah R, Agarwal A (2025): Clinician's guide to the management of azoospermia induced by exogenous testosterone or anabolic-androgenic steroids. Asian journal of andrology. PMID: 39820213; DOI: 10.4103/aja2024104
[s43] Hochu G, Geyer-Kim I, Kim E (2025): Preserving spermatogenesis in testosterone deficiency: innovations in replacement and stimulatory therapies. Translational andrology and urology. PMID: 41522318; DOI: 10.21037/tau-2025-480
[s44] Hohl A, Chavez MP, Pasqualotto E, Ferreira ROM, Sande-Lee SV, Ronsoni MF (2025): Clomiphene or enclomiphene citrate for the treatment of male hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of endocrinology and metabolism. PMID: 41066380; DOI: 10.20945/2359-4292-2025-0093
[s45] Huang IS, Li LH, Chen WJ, Juan CC, Huang WJ. (2025): Intratesticular Testosterone and Its Precursors among Azoospermic Men: A Pilot Study. The world journal of men's health 43:142-153. PMID: 38772536; DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.230265
[s46] Jiang H, Li BJ, Jin DC, Zhong QL, Zhu T, Li YF (2025): Therapeutic effects of a pulsatile GnRH pump on adult male patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH): a retrospective study. Translational andrology and urology. PMID: 40800099; DOI: 10.21037/tau-2025-199
[s47] Kara E, Decourtye J, Dupuy L, Casteret S, Bouchard P, Frydman R et al. (2025): First in class monoclonal antibody potentiating human follicle stimulating hormone activity improves spermatogenesis in azoospermic rodent models. Frontiers in endocrinology. PMID: 41163682; DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1668945
[s48] Kaur J, Singhania N, Adhikari U, Vatsa R, Gorsi U, Bansal A et al. (2025): Comparison of FSH Pre-treatment Versus Upfront hCG and FSH Regimens for Inducing Spermatogenesis in Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: A Pilot Study. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism. PMID: 40688612; DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_307_24
[s49] Khashaba S, Khashaba S, Krishan A, Bruce A, Almaghlouth A, Huang J et al. (2025): Efficacy of clomiphene citrate and tamoxifen on pregnancy rates in idiopathic male subfertility: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian journal of urology. PMID: 39990067; DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2024.09.001
[s50] Li J, Li K, Zhang M, Chen J, Chen M, Dong W et al. (2025): Male Infertility Management: A Critical Appraisal of Clinical Practice Guidelines With the AGREE II Instrument. American journal of men's health 19:15579883251380203. PMID: 41025162; DOI: 10.1177/15579883251380203
[s51] Liberto R, Katlowitz N, Sagalovich D, Davila J (2025): Strategies for Reversing Exogenous Testosterone-Induced Infertility. Cureus. PMID: 41080372; DOI: 10.7759/cureus.91975
[s52] Nariyoshi S, Nakano K, Sukegawa G, Tsuji Y. (2025): Alterations in the ultrasound appearance of seminiferous tubules after gonadotropin treatment in patients with azoospermia because of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. F&S reports 6:428-435. PMID: 41473567; DOI: 10.1016/j.xfre.2025.10.001
[s53] Nokhbeh Zaeem S, Heydari Nasrabadi M, Salehipour M, Ehtesham S (2025): Letrozole and Crocin: Protecting Leydig Cells and Modulating Androgen Receptor and CYP19 Gene Expression in Busulfan-Induced Azoospermia. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI. PMID: 40075978; DOI: 10.3390/ani15050697
[s54] Pelit ES, Danacıoğlu YO, Katı B (2025): Comparison of Effects of Chorionic Gonadotropin Alfa and Anastrozole on Sperm Retrieval Rate in Patients with Non-Mosaic Klinefelter Syndrome Following Microdissection Testicular Sperm Extraction. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). PMID: 40142278; DOI: 10.3390/medicina61030467
[s55] Rozhivanova ER, Rozhivanov RV, Andreeva EN et al. (2025): [Restoration of ejaculate quality following androgen replacement and combined therapy for hypogonadism]. (deutsch: Wiederherstellung der Ejakulatqualität nach Androgenersatz und nach kombinierter Therapie bei Hypogonadismus). Problemy endokrinologii. PMID: 41014618; DOI: 10.14341/probl13545
[s56] Santi D, Corona G, Salonia A, Ferlin A (2025): Current drawbacks and future perspectives in the diagnosis and treatment of male factor infertility, with a focus on FSH treatment: an expert opinion. Journal of endocrinological investigation. PMID: 39804439; DOI: 10.1007/s40618-024-02524-x
[s57] Santi D, Pallotti F, Tienforti D, Spaggiari G, Barbonetti A (2025): Empirical hormonal treatments for idiopathic male infertility: a network meta-analysis comparing antiestrogens and FSH. European journal of endocrinology. PMID: 41347881; DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvaf246
[s58] Sheng H, Liang C, Cheng J, Liu H, Mao X, Li X et al. (2025): Clinical characteristics, genetic spectrum and therapeutic effects of 51 male patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism from southern China. Orphanet journal of rare diseases 20:574. PMID: 41225491; DOI: 10.1186/s13023-025-04050-2
[s59] Shoaib H, Duffy J, Ahmed K (2025): Use of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) or HCG-Combined Treatments in Male Infertility: A Systematic Review. Cureus. PMID: 41210019; DOI: 10.7759/cureus.94003
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[s61] Smit DL, Verdegaal T, Bond P (2025): Efficacy of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone in restoring spermatogenesis in men using non-prescribed androgens: a retrospective analysis of real-world data. F&S reports. PMID: 40620361; DOI: 10.1016/j.xfre.2025.03.001
[s62] Stocks BT, Oppenheimer AG, Campbell KJ, Lindsey JP, Kohn TP, Alexander JM et al. (2025): Optimal restoration of spermatogenesis after testosterone therapy using human chorionic gonadotropin and follicle-stimulating hormone. Fertility and sterility. PMID: 39442683; DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2024.10.019
[s63] Szabó A, Váncsa S, Hegyi P, Kói T, Ács J, Hermánné RJ et al. (2025): Assessing the efficacy of varicocelectomy, antioxidants, FSH treatment, and lifestyle modifications on sperm DNA fragmentation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific reports. PMID: 40128318; DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-93267-z
[s64] Tsujimura A, Iijima M, Umemoto Y, Kobayashi H, Komiya A, Shiraishi K et al. (2025): Summary of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Male Infertility by the Japanese Urological Association With the Support of the Japan Society for Reproductive Medicine. International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association 32:1301-1313. PMID: 40459122; DOI: 10.1111/iju.70132
[s65] Ullur P, Kubera NS, Manikandan S, Nanda N, Venkatraman S, Ram A (2025): Efficacy and Safety of Letrozole in Improving Semen Parameters of Subfertile Men with Moderate-to-Severe Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: A Placebo-controlled Randomised Trial. Journal of human reproductive sciences. PMID: 40342887; DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_160_24
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[s83] Luo X, Li X, Mei Z, Zhou H, Chen Y, Wang H et al. (2024): Aromatase inhibitors can improve the semen quality of aged roosters by up regulating genes related to steroid hormone synthesis. Poultry science 103:104413. PMID: 39461272; DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104413
[s84] Mohammed J MANNA, Luma S BAQIR, Haidar A ABDULAMIR (2024): Verapamil versus tamoxifen in treatment of experimentally induced infertility. Journal of research in pharmacy (online). DOI: 10.29228/jrp.826
[s85] Mogheiseh A, Derakhshandeh N, Divar MR, Nazifi S, Ahmadi I (2024): Effects of short-term oral letrozole on fresh semen parameters, endocrine balance, and prostate gland dimensions in domestic dogs. BMC veterinary research. PMID: 39289700; DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04278-3
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