Metformin, Statine und weitere Stoffwechselmedikamente · Kapitel 20 von 20

Quellenverzeichnis

Vollständige Liste der 242 Quellen der Studie, geordnet nach Kennung (chronologisch absteigend nach Erscheinungsjahr). Titel nicht-englischer und nicht-deutscher Originale stehen im Original, mit deutscher Übersetzung in Klammern, soweit die Quelle sie liefert. Fehlende Angaben (Journal, PMID, DOI) wurden nicht ergänzt.

[s01] Albokhadaim I (2026): Tirzepatide ameliorates type 2 diabetes-associated male reproductive dysfunction via modulation of the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway. Toxicology research 2026;15(1):tfag010. PMID 41756101; DOI 10.1093/toxres/tfag010.

[s02] Cao L, Chen Z, Li H et al. (2026): Combination of selenium and metformin mitigated testicular damage from diabetes mellitus by enhancing glycolysis via AMPK/ SIRT1 pathway. PMID 42155248; DOI 10.1016/j.jtemb.2026.127892.

[s03] Cho KH, Bahuguna A, Kim JE et al. (2026): Combination of Policosanol (Raydel®) and Atorvastatin Improve High-Density Lipoproteins and Antioxidant Abilities to Protect Vital Organs and Fertility in Hyperlipidemic/Hyperglycemic Zebrafish. PMID 41754781; DOI 10.3390/ph19020237.

[s04] Cho KH, Jeon C, Bahuguna A et al. (2026): Protective Effects of Policosanol and Atorvastatin Co-Supplementation Against High-Cholesterol and High-Galactose Diet-Induced Metabolic and Organ Dysfunction in Zebrafish. PMID 42737584; DOI 10.3390/ijms27177687.

[s05] Damkier P, van Gelder MMHJ, Huybrechts KF et al. (2026): Paternal use of metformin and risk of major congenital malformations: A meta-analysis of 4 studies. PMID 41937475; DOI 10.1002/bcp.70547.

[s06] Deameh MG, Ramez M, Rowaiee R, Bani Irshid BA, Mohamed H, Abdelshafi A, Al-Osoufi MA, Mohamed T, Hegazin SB, Raheem O (2026): Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on male reproductive hormones, semen parameters, and metabolic outcomes: a systematic review. The journal of sexual medicine 2026;23(2):qdaf381. PMID 41498523; DOI 10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf381.

[s07] El-Beheiry KM, El-Shitany NA, El-Sayad ME, Elsisi AE (2026): Potential gonadal-beneficial effect of sitagliptin against paclitaxel-induced testicular dysfunction via mediating PERK/CHOP/NLRP3/Sestrin2 signaling pathway. Scientific reports 2026;16(1):9090. PMID 41832263; DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-40511-9.

[s08] Elshazly SM, Mahmoud NM, Ahmed GA, El-Shaarawy F, Ibrahim SM (2026): Empagliflozin beyond antidiabetic effect: Amelioration of cyclophosphamide-induced testicular toxicity in rats: Orchestrating klotho/Nrf-2/PPAR-γ/NF-κB/Bax/Bcl-2 cues. Biochemical pharmacology 2026;245:117641. PMID 41412550; DOI 10.1016/j.bcp.2025.117641.

[s09] Ersoy O, Kizilay G (2026): Role of sitagliptin in diabetes-induced testicular damage via the Fas/FasL signalling pathway. Biotechnic & histochemistry : official publication of the Biological Stain Commission 2026;101(1):11-20. PMID 41250986; DOI 10.1080/10520295.2025.2583963.

[s10] Klotz T. (2026): [GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Urology and Andrology: Indications, Opportunities and Clinically Relevant Adverse Effects]. Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie. PMID 42748969; DOI 10.1055/a-2943-1080.

[s11] Kuchakulla M, Poppas PJ, Wald G, Masterson JM, Gurayah AA, Bhambhvani HP, Kashanian JA. (2026): Impact of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Male Fertility: Emerging Evidence and Future Directions. Urology. PMID 41016449; DOI 10.1016/j.urology.2025.09.038.

[s12] Li ZM, Chang RY, Li R et al. (2026): Metformin mitigates oxidative stress and prevents apoptosis by modulating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in a rat model of testicular ischemia/reperfusion. PMID 42079027; DOI 10.22038/ijbms.2026.90564.19525.

[s13] Liu S, He M, Xu H et al. (2026): Capacitation-Induced Changes in Sperm Motility, AMPK Phosphorylation, and Tyrosine Phosphorylation Are Diminished by Therapeutically Relevant Concentrations of Metformin. PMID 41628886; DOI 10.1002/jat.70088.

[s14] Mahmoud S, Abdel-Ghany RH, Elgharbawy AS, Khamis T, Zakaria EM (2026): Empagliflozin and naringenin mitigate cisplatin-induced testicular injury via modulating NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis: Integrated molecular docking and in vivo evidence. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) 2026;143:109259. PMID 42107736; DOI 10.1016/j.reprotox.2026.109259.

[s15] Mao J, Xu M, Tang Y et al. (2026): Gout, hyperuricemia, and male reproductive health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID 42812299; DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1889720.

[s16] Mohamed MH, Abd El-Rheem SM, Almadaly EA, Alkattawy AMAE, El Nasr N, Dorghamm DA, Abdo WS, Assas M, Abouzed TK, El-Domany WB (2026): Effect of ginger extract and/or fenofibrate on the associated infertility of experimentally induced obese Wistar Albino male rats. Reproductive biology 2026;26(2):101208. PMID 41861450; DOI 10.1016/j.repbio.2026.101208.

[s17] Özkoçer SE, Guney Eskiler G, Konac E (2026): Protective effects of metformin and vitamin C on diabetes-induced testicular dysfunction. Reproduction (Cambridge, England) 2026;171(6):xaag064. PMID 42172611; DOI 10.1093/reprod/xaag064.

[s18] Pan T, Fan G, Ji X et al. (2026): Paternal preconceptional metformin exposure induces metabolic dysregulation in offspring. Cell Discovery. PMID 42380093; DOI 10.1038/s41421-026-00913-5.

[s19] Peel A, Lyons H, Tully CA, Vincent AD, Jesudason D, Wittert G, McPherson NO. (2026): The effect of obesity interventions on male fertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction update. PMID 41065428; DOI 10.1093/humupd/dmaf025.

[s20] Rahman MA, Harrath AH, Jalouli M et al. (2026): Targeting AMPK Networks for Male Reproductive Health: Mechanisms and Emerging Therapies. PMID 42121908; DOI 10.3390/cells15090808.

[s21] Salonia A (Chair), Boeri L, Capogrosso P, Corona G, Dinkelman-Smit M, Falcone M, Gül M, Kadıoğlu A, Minhas S (Vice-chair), Serefoğlu EC, Verze P et al. (2026): EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health (limited update March 2026). European Association of Urology.

[s22] Zafrani Z, Khan SS, Zitzmann M. (2026): Metabolic Reversal of Functional Hypogonadism? GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Male Reproductive Endocrinology-A Systematic Review. Cells. PMID 42587729; DOI 10.3390/cells15151319.

[s23] Греков Е.А., Тюзиков И.А., Смирнов А.В. (2026): «Эректильная» безопасность фармакотерапии метаболического синдрома у мужчин глазами уролога-андролога („Erektile“ Sicherheit der Pharmakotherapie des metabolischen Syndroms bei Männern aus Sicht des Urologen-Andrologen). Эффективная фармакотерапия 2026;22.

[s24] Тюзиков И.А., Греков Е.А., Смирнов А.В. (2026): Репродуктивные эффекты современных гипогликемических препаратов у бесплодных мужчин с сахарным диабетом 2 типа (Reproduktive Effekte moderner hypoglykämischer Präparate bei unfruchtbaren Männern mit Typ-2-Diabetes). Эффективная фармакотерапия 2026;22(31):22-38. DOI 10.33978/2307-3586-2026-22-31-22-38.

[s25] Тюзиков И.А., Греков Е.А., Смирнов А.В. (2026): Мужские репродуктивные нарушения при сахарном диабете: патофизиологические механизмы, причинно-следственные связи и возможности эмпирической фармакотерапии (Männliche Fortpflanzungsstörungen bei Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiologische Mechanismen, Kausalzusammenhänge und Möglichkeiten der empirischen Pharmakotherapie). Эффективная фармакотерапия 2026;22.

[s26] Abdel-Wahab BA, El-Shoura EAM, Habeeb MS, Aldabaan NA, Ahmed YH, Zaafar D (2025): Unraveling the impact of semaglutide in a diabetic rat model of testicular dysfunction: Insights into spermatogenesis pathways and miRNA-148a-5p. Steroids 2025;213:109537. PMID 39551458; DOI 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109537.

[s27] Araújo Leite GA, Lazzari VM, Simão VA, Sanabria M. (2025): Effects of statins on male reproductive health: a systematic review of rodent studies and their potential implications to human male reproduction. Critical reviews in toxicology. PMID 40568726; DOI 10.1080/10408444.2025.2504395.

[s28] Chen Y, Gu L, Xiong Y et al. (2025): Protective effects of atorvastatin on testicular dysfunction and reduced sperm quality induced by high-fat diet in mice: The inhibitory mechanism of oxidative stress. PMID 39921059; DOI 10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.177357.

[s29] Cingöz M. (2025): Dapagliflozinin Yaşlı Erkek Sıçanlarda Reprodüktif Sistem Üzerine Etkilerinin Araştırılması (Untersuchung der Wirkungen von Dapagliflozin auf das Fortpflanzungssystem alter männlicher Ratten). Abschlussarbeit, Universität Kocaeli.

[s30] Elgohary R, El-Fadaly AA, Salama A (2025): Protective Effects of Atorvastatin on LPS-Induced Testicular Damage: Modulation of Spermatogenesis via PPAR-γ, NF-κB, and NLRP3 Pathways. Journal of applied toxicology : JAT 2025;45(11):2321-2329. PMID 40611543; DOI 10.1002/jat.4851.

[s31] Elhemiely AA, Elesawy WH, Abd El Aal HA, Abdelhameed AS, Russo GI, Hassan ESG (2025): Mitigating testicular dysfunction: Metformin's role in combating valproic acid-induced damage in rats. Reproductive biology 2025;25(4):101082. PMID 41016371; DOI 10.1016/j.repbio.2025.101082.

[s32] Gregorič N, Šikonja J, Janež A, Jensterle M. (2025): Semaglutide improved sperm morphology in obese men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and functional hypogonadism. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism. PMID 39511836; DOI 10.1111/dom.16042.

[s33] Harby SA, Fathelbab MH, Nawwar BM, Sheta E, Halwag DI, Elneily DAE, Habiba ES (2025): Liraglutide and denatonium benzoate attenuate T2DM-induced metabolic, neurological, and testicular changes in rats: Targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, and BCRP transporter. Journal of molecular histology 2025;56(2):78. PMID 39881033; DOI 10.1007/s10735-025-10355-0.

[s34] Hassan NF, Khidr HY, Eltelbany RFA, Abd El-Galil MM, Reda E, El-Zohairy NA, Gowifel AMH (2025): Linking GLP-1 activation with steroidogenesis, redox, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitophagy, and the apoptotic regulatory network unlocks the emerging impacts of semaglutide on 5-fluorouracil-induced testicular toxicity. Life sciences 2025;381:124014. PMID 41072890; DOI 10.1016/j.lfs.2025.124014.

[s35] Horst PGJT, Edens MA, Besten-Bertholee DD, Mulder LW, Curfs MHJM. (2025): Medication, age and abstinence days associated with low semen quality: A cross-sectional study in more than 7000 men visiting the centre for reproductive medicine. PloS one 2025;20(7):e0326795. PMID 40680071; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0326795.

[s36] Islam MA, Haque MA, Mumit Sarkar A, Rahman MS, Taufiqur Rahman AMM, Begum S. (2025): Effect of metformin on free testosterone level in male diabetic patients: A comparative study. Medicine. PMID 41204600; DOI 10.1097/md.0000000000044989.

[s37] Jiang X, Zhu Z, Liu Q et al. (2025): Shenling Baizhu San attenuates testicular spermatogenic dysfunction in hyperuricemic mice via dual modulation of MAPK/NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. PMID 41024187; DOI 10.1186/s41065-025-00553-x.

[s38] Karimian M, Shabani M, Nikzad H. (2025): Association of Functional Genetic Variations in Uric Acid Transporters with the Risk of Idiopathic Male Infertility: A Genetic Association Study and Bioinformatic Analysis. Biochemical genetics. PMID 39141156; DOI 10.1007/s10528-024-10902-6.

[s39] Li H, Zhang M, Ma J et al. (2025): Zinc Combined with Metformin Corrects Zinc Homeostasis and Improves Steroid Synthesis and Semen Quality in Male Type 2 Diabetic Mice by Activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway. PMID 39826075; DOI 10.1007/s12011-025-04518-z.

[s40] Li Y, Zhou T, Liu Z, Zhu X, Wu Q, Meng C, Deng Q. (2025): Protective effect of antidiabetic drugs against male infertility: evidence from Mendelian randomization. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome. PMID 40296064; DOI 10.1186/s13098-025-01700-0.

[s41] Li Z, Zhang PH, Liu MJ et al. (2025): [Statin drugs for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: An umbrella review]. (Originaltitel auf Chinesisch in PubMed nicht abgerufen; englischer Titel in eckigen Klammern). PMID 40910915.

[s42] Liu D, Han X, Zou W et al. (2025): Probiotics Combined with Metformin Improves Sperm Parameters in Obese Male Mice through Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota Equilibrium. PMID 39623123; DOI 10.1007/s43032-024-01748-9.

[s43] Lunzer R, Delle-Karth G, Zeitlinger M, Prager M, Pracher LM. (2025): [Colchicine-Phoenix from the ashes]. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. PMID 39912853; DOI 10.1007/s00508-024-02490-7.

[s44] Luo Z, Wang L, Luo J, Shi L, Wang L, Xie G. (2025): Antidiabetic agents and male fertility: unraveling the impact of glucose-lowering therapies on sperm quality in diabetic males-a narrative review. Translational andrology and urology 2025;14(10):3387-3401. PMID 41230150; DOI 10.21037/tau-2025-440.

[s45] Ma L, Chen J, Li Q et al. (2025): Atorvastatin improves spermatogenesis in murine and in vitro human chronic orchitis models through restoring blood-testis barriers. PMID 41198620; DOI 10.1038/s41420-025-02749-6.

[s46] Otón T, Sağ E, Carmona L, Ozen S. (2025): Safety of colchicine on fertility, pregnancy, and lactation: a systematic review and meta-analysis informing the EULAR/PReS recommendations for familial Mediterranean fever. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2025;84(6):1045-1051. PMID 40023732; DOI 10.1016/j.ard.2025.02.005.

[s47] Parlar K, Azman FN, Sıcakyüz SL, Rızaoğlu M, Azman E, Yüzbaşıoğlu MB, Korkmaz D, Uğurlu S. (2025): Fertility in male patients with familial Mediterranean fever and paternal effect of FMF on pregnancy outcomes and complications. Internal and emergency medicine. PMID 39907917; DOI 10.1007/s11739-025-03881-y.

[s48] Peng J, Wu L, Li Z, Huang Q, Li L. (2025): Density gradient centrifugation specifically improves sperm motility in hyperuricemia: evidence from intrauterine insemination cycles - retrospective cohort study. Basic and clinical andrology. PMID 41204074; DOI 10.1186/s12610-025-00292-z.

[s49] Salvio G, Ciarloni A, Ambo N, Bordoni M, Perrone M, Rossi S, Balercia G (2025): Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists on testicular dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrology 2025;13(8):2022-2034. PMID 40105090; DOI 10.1111/andr.70022.

[s50] Simonsen CS, Eisenberg ML, Lindahl-Jacobsen R. (2025): Paternal exposure to antidiabetic medications during reproductive period and adverse birth outcomes: A meta-analysis and systematic review. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 2025;315:114747. PMID 41046848; DOI 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114747.

[s51] Ursavas S, Kuyucu Y, Yenilmez ED, Tuli A, Tekayev M, Mete UO (2025): The evaluation of the effects of metformin on the rat testes at a light and electron microscopic level. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2025;753:151507. PMID 39983548; DOI 10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.151507.

[s52] Yin D, Li F, Xia L et al. (2025): GLP-1 receptor agonists show no detrimental effect on sperm quality in mouse models and cell lines. PMID 40347306; DOI 10.1007/s12020-025-04245-4.

[s53] Yıldırım B, Baygül O, Şengün N, Üstündağ ÜV, Ateş N, Balçıkanlı Z, Beker MÇ, Keskin İ, Kılıç E (2025): HMG-CoA reductase inhibition preserves testicular function after torsion/detorsion by modulating oxidative stress and AKT signaling. Scientific reports 2025;15(1):45023. PMID 41274952; DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-29283-w.

[s54] Zhang M, Li H, Ma J et al. (2025): Effects of Zinc Combined with Metformin on Zinc Homeostasis, Blood-Epididymal Barrier, and Epididymal Absorption in Male Diabetic Mice. PMID 38589680; DOI 10.1007/s12011-024-04171-y.

[s55] Раевский К.П., Нестерова О.Ю., Стригунов А.А., Чалый М.Е., Кадрев А.В., Плисюк А.Г., Камалов А.А., Орлова Я.А. (2025): Рандомизированное конТРолируемое Исследование влияния СТатинотерапии на АНдрогенный статус и эректильную функцию у мужчин с высоким и очень высоким сердечно-сосудистым риском (ТРИСТАН): протокол и обоснование исследования (Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie zum Einfluss der Statintherapie auf Androgenstatus und Erektionsfunktion bei Männern mit hohem und sehr hohem kardiovaskulärem Risiko (TRISTAN): Protokoll und Begründung der Studie). Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии 2025;21(2):126-131. DOI 10.20996/1819-6446-2025-3145.

[s56] Abd-Elhakim YM, El-Fatah SSA, Behairy A, Saber TM, El-Sharkawy NI, Moustafa GG, Abdelgawad FE, Saber T, Samaha MM, El Euony OI (2024): Pumpkin seed oil lessens the colchicine-induced altered sex male hormone balance, testicular oxidative status, sperm abnormalities, and collagen deposition in male rats via Caspase3/Desmin/PCNA modulation. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 2024;193:115029. PMID 39362398; DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2024.115029.

[s57] Alyami NM, Alnakhli ZA, Alshiban NM, Maodaa S, Almuhaini GA, Almeer R, Alshora D, Ibrahim M (2024): Oral administration of proniosomal glibenclamide formulation protects testicular tissue from hyperglycemia fluctuations and ROS via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Heliyon 2024;10(10):e31283. PMID 38813164; DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31283.

[s58] Capelo MF, Monteiro PB, Anastácio BM. (2024): Effects of major analgesics on male fertility: A systematic literature review. JBRA assisted reproduction. PMID 38546117; DOI 10.5935/1518-0557.20240020.

[s59] Chihaoui M, Terzi A, Hammami B, Oueslati I, Khessairi N, Chaker F, Yazidi M, Feki M. (2024): Effects of high-intensity statin therapy on steroid hormones and vitamin D in type 2 diabetic men: A prospective self-controlled study. Lipids. PMID 38764377; DOI 10.1002/lipd.12399.

[s60] de Mello TF, Goedert AB, de Souza JSS, da Cruz JVR, da Silva AS, Knorst JK, Muller YMR, Silva FRMB, Leite GAA. (2024): Prolonged exposure to rosuvastatin from pre-puberty to adulthood impairs sperm quality in mice and leads to paternally mediated developmental toxicity. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). PMID 39276807; DOI 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108717.

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[s63] Glina FPA, Lopes L, E Silva RS, Barros EAC, Biselli B, Glina S. (2024): Do statins decrease testosterone in men? Systematic review and meta-analysis. International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology. PMID 38386784; DOI 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2023.0578.

[s64] Hussein RS, Eyada MM, Mostafa RM, Elaidy SM, Elsayed SH, Saad HM (2024): Impact of carbimazole combined with vitamin E on testicular injury induced by experimental hyperthyroidism in adult albino rats: oxidative/inflammatory/apoptotic pathways. Asian journal of andrology 2024;26(4):396-401. PMID 38639715; DOI 10.4103/aja202365.

[s65] Iida M, Asano A (2024): Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on spermatogenesis-related gene expression in mouse testis and testis-derived cell lines. PMID 38556323; DOI 10.1292/jvms.24-0042.

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[s69] Li C, Wang Y, Mu R, Zhao J, Yao Z, Zhai J, Jin Y, Liu R, Liu D, Hong K, Jiang H, Zhang Z. (2024): Urate-lowering agents do not have clinically relevant negative effects on sperm quality and reproductive hormones in men with gout: a prospective open-label cohort study. Rheumatology international 2024;44(7):1245-1253. PMID 38538820; DOI 10.1007/s00296-024-05572-x.

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[s76] Ni F, Wang F, Li J et al. (2024): BNC1 deficiency induces mitochondrial dysfunction-triggered spermatogonia apoptosis through the CREB/SIRT1/FOXO3 pathway: the therapeutic potential of nicotinamide riboside and metformin†. PMID 38079523; DOI 10.1093/biolre/ioad168.

[s77] Oltulu C, Ersoy O, Akinci M, Cevikelli-Yakut ZA, Dasman M, Bakar E (2024): Effects of sitagliptin and L-theanine combination therapy on testicular tissue in rats with experimental diabetes. Toxicology and applied pharmacology 2024;492:117119. PMID 39378959; DOI 10.1016/j.taap.2024.117119.

[s78] Qi R, Liang Y, Yu J et al. (2024): Liraglutide improved the reproductive function of obese mice by upregulating the testicular AC3/cAMP/PKA pathway. PMID 38509558; DOI 10.1186/s12958-024-01202-0.

[s79] Qu W, Xu Y, Yang J et al. (2024): Berberine alters the gut microbiota metabolism and impairs spermatogenesis. PMID 39420836; DOI 10.3724/abbs.2024174.

[s80] Rotem RS, Weisskopf MG, Huybrechts KF, Hernández-Díaz S. (2024): Paternal Use of Metformin During the Sperm Development Period Preceding Conception and Risk for Major Congenital Malformations in Newborns. Annals of internal medicine 2024;177(7):851-861. PMID 38885501; DOI 10.7326/m23-1405.

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[s82] Su Q, Wang R, Luo Y, Tang Q, Wang K. (2024): Genetic association of lipid-lowering drug target genes with erectile dysfunction and male reproductive health. Frontiers in endocrinology. PMID 38390206; DOI 10.3389/fendo.2024.1362499.

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Alle Kapitel und Anhänge (24)
  1. Das Wichtigste in Kürze
  2. Aufbau und Methodik dieser Studie
  3. Hintergrund
  4. Metformin: Metaanalysen und systematische Übersichten bis Allopurinol, Harnsäure und Colchicin: Metaanalysen und Übersichten
  5. GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten und weitere Stoffwechselmedikamente: Übersichten
  6. Metformin: Beobachtungsstudien zur Samenqualität und zur Fruchtbarkeit bis Colchicin: Beobachtungsstudien
  7. Weitere Arbeiten: Stoffwechselsyndrom ohne Medikamentenbezug und ein Statinprotokoll ohne Ergebnisse bis Zusammenfassung des Kapitels
  8. Zur Lesart dieses Kapitels bis Metformin: Tierversuche
  9. Statine: Studien am Menschen bis Colchicin
  10. Weitere Stoffwechselmedikamente und Zusammenschau der Studienlage
  11. Mechanismen und biologische Plausibilität
  12. Dosis-Wirkung, Subgruppen und Reversibilität
  13. Englisch bis Koreanisch
  14. Russisch bis Türkisch
  15. Widersprüche und ihre mögliche Erklärung
  16. Limitationen der Evidenz
  17. Offene Forschungsfragen
  18. Praktische Einordnung
  19. Glossar
  20. Quellenverzeichnis
  21. Diagramme
  22. Quellen s01–s117
  23. Quellen s118–s242
  24. Prüfprotokoll der Quellenkontrolle